The European Commission (EC) has proposed new rules on the protection of so-called trade secrets, seeking to harmonize the definition and enforcement of guidelines among its member states, in a move that could have ramifications for the financial technology industry.
The new rules, says the EC, will make it easier for companies to defend themselves against misappropriation of their trade secrets in national courts, to seek injunctions against products using their property, and to seek damages for theft and misuse. Under the terms of the proposal, the “trade secrets” phrase encompasses both technical and commercial endeavors designed to provide business and commercial advantages to firms in both the short and the long term.
“Cybercrime and industrial espionage are unfortunately part of the reality that businesses in Europe face every day,” says Michel Barnier, commissioner for internal market and services at the EC. “We have to make sure our laws move with the times and that the strategic assets of our companies are adequately protected against theft and misuse.”
Past Precedent
In terms of the global financial services sector, banks are likely to welcome a clearer definition of what constitutes a firm’s trade secrets, along with appropriate lines of redress. Recently, a number of institutions have struggled in courts, both in Europe and the US, over alleged code theft related to either trading algorithms, or engines designed to cope with advanced trading strategies such as high-frequency trading (HFT).
The most high-profile instance of this has been Goldman Sachs’s pursuit of former employee, Sergey Aleynikov, who left the firm to join a nascent HFT business based in Moscow. The bank alleged that Aleynikov stole code in order to set up the trading engine at his new employer. The programmer spent 11 months in prison before his conviction was overturned by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, although the case itself was seen as one of the factors for the US changing its own laws on trade secrets. Aleynikov is currently being prosecuted by the state of New York, with the Federal government barred from seeking further charges under the double jeopardy rule.
Although the level of investment often employed by banks in the development of algorithms and similar software is, by any measure, significant, the emerging fields of cybercrime and the protections accorded to computer code are patchwork at best. Often, legal procedures in this area rely on interpretations of laws that were not specifically designed to handle the intricacies of the subject area, particularly when open-source software is brought into the equation, and precedent is used as a crutch where possible. In terms of trade secrets, the UK currently has no particular civil law on the subject.
The proposal is for a directive of the European Parliament and Council, meaning that while the end-goals of the legislation will be law in Europe, the implementation of the specifics are generally left up to the competent authorities of the home states. Regulations of the European Parliament and Council, by contrast, enter into the statute books of member nations as supreme law.